Learning the hard way

Is the west any wiser, ten years on? Policymakers certainly know more than they did on September 11th 2001—about the nature of al-Qaeda, for example, and what drives young Muslims to emulate it—and have shed at least some of their illusions about the West’s ability to shape the Muslim world to its liking. But as these four very different books show, salutary lessons have yet to be learned.

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